Over the past year, President Trump’s administration has deported about 230,000 people who were arrested inside the country and another 270,000 at the border, a New York Times analysis of federal data shows.
The number of deportations from interior arrests since Mr. Trump took office is already higher than the total during the entire four years of the Biden administration. It offers the clearest measure of the impact of Mr. Trump’s immigration crackdown and expansive efforts to fulfill his campaign promise to deport millions of people.
At the same time, the number of people trying to cross the Southwest border has fallen to record lows. As a result, far fewer people were arrested and deported from the border than in the preceding few years.
Another roughly 40,000 people returned to their countries after signing up to “self-deport” and receive a stipend through a novel program and app provided by the administration.
That brings the total number of deportations since Mr. Trump took office to 540,000 — fewer than in the last two years of the Biden administration, when border crossings were at record highs. There were 590,000 total deportations in 2023 and 650,000 in 2024.
What is a deportation? How are they counted?
Counting deportations is not as straightforward as it seems because there is not a specific legal definition. The Times analyzed data from a variety of government sources to make these estimates of both deportations and the broader category of repatriations since Mr. Trump took office.
Deportations can be conducted by Immigration and Customs Enforcement, which is responsible for enforcement inside the country, and Customs and Border Protection, which is responsible for the border, airports and other crossing points. For some deportations, both agencies are involved.
In some cases, someone can be blocked from entering the United States and turned away with little penalty — that could be a repatriation, not a deportation.
Even with the large increase in interior enforcement and the slowdown at the border, deportations of border-crossers still made up about half of the total. C.B.P. directly deported or denied entry to 120,000 people, and ICE deported another roughly 150,000 people who were first arrested at the border. Some of those people — about 14 percent — were in detention awaiting their immigration proceedings before Mr. Trump took office.
Homeland Security officials said in December that more than 622,000 people had been deported under Mr. Trump. They did not respond to requests for a more detailed breakdown of that figure, and the department’s statistics division has not published any of its once-routine detailed reports since Mr. Trump took office. It most likely includes all repatriations carried out by various homeland security subagencies.
Why is immigration enforcement receiving so much more attention now?
Under Mr. Trump, immigration arrests and deportations are much more visible and disruptive to communities across the country. The administration has also aggressively publicized its enforcement actions with a steady stream of slickly produced videos, memes and mug shots.
In the past, ICE made most of its arrests in partnership with local jails and prisons, quietly taking into custody immigrants who had already been arrested by another law enforcement agency.
Daily ICE arrests nationwide
“At-large” arrests of people in communities have risen fastest.
Arrests at jails and prisons went up over the past year, but the increase was far exceeded by the growth in what ICE calls “at-large” arrests, the apprehensions of immigrants on the streets, in courthouses, and at homes and businesses. These quadrupled to about 150,000 and made up a majority of immigration arrests in 32 states and Washington, D.C.
They were most common in states like California, Illinois and New York, where local governments have passed laws blocking local jails and prisons from transferring people to ICE custody.
Share of “at-large” arrests by state
Who is being deported?
The monthly rate of deportations to most countries in the world has increased, even as the rate has actually fallen for some countries in Central America.
The rate of deportations of people with a violent criminal conviction or other criminal record has doubled, while the rate for people with no criminal record has gone up more than six times.
How deportations changed for select groups
Monthly rate of deportations by ICE
Part of the shift is because the Trump administration revoked the temporary legal status of millions of people who entered the country legally under Biden administration policies. People in these programs have been told they must leave or they will be deported.
How has the deportation campaign affected the overall immigrant population?
Experts generally agree that Mr. Trump’s policies have started to shrink the population of undocumented immigrants, but they disagree about how much and about whether the much larger overall immigrant population is still growing.
The number of people in the country without legal status or with only temporary legal protection from deportation was increasing rapidly before Mr. Trump took office, reaching an estimated 14 million in 2024.
Homeland security officials have claimed that more than 2.5 million people have since left the country because of the administration’s crackdown. Immigration experts and demographers have disputed that figure.
A recent report from the Congressional Budget Office says that while the undocumented population decreased by about 360,000 people last year, the overall foreign-born population increased by about 400,000 in 2025. A different study estimated a decrease of between 10,000 and 295,000 in the total foreign-born population in 2025.
About the data
Estimates for the Trump administration’s first year are for the period from Jan. 20, 2025, to Jan. 20, 2026, based on extrapolations from publicly released data covering the period through Jan. 7, 2026, for ICE and through the end of November 2025 for C.B.P.
Data on border-crossers who were denied entry and ship crew members who were not allowed to disembark came from the Office of Field Operations. The number of deportations by Border Patrol was determined from Border Patrol data on the disposition and transfer of encounters at the Southwest border.
The share of ICE deportations that originated with a C.B.P. arrest was determined by subtracting the number of repatriations conducted by C.B.P. from the total number of C.B.P. border encounters. The remaining ICE deportations were considered to have originated from an ICE arrest.
The number of people who used the C.B.P. Home app to self-deport came from a Dec. 19 court filing.
Data for prior years came from the Office of Homeland Security Statistics. Data for December 2024 was not available, so figures for that month were extrapolated from the totals for January through November.
Removals and enforcement returns were considered to be deportations, and administrative returns and Title 42 expulsions to be repatriations.
Custodial and at-large arrests and the monthly deportation rates of different groups came from an analysis of data from the Deportation Data Project.
